Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay

Is It Safe To Travel By Airplanes Engineering Essay Around 500 years back, the measure of time required to travel a thousand mile was more than days and here and there even months. In those days, the common individuals used to go by foot and just the rich could bear the cost of creature driven trucks. This wastage of time was diminished by the presentation of motor controlled vehicles and trains. Despite the fact that these vehicles were quicker than the creature driven trucks, it despite everything took days to go around thousand miles. Subsequently another methods for transportation must be created by which this time wastage could be lessened. Accordingly the Wright siblings had the option to make the main plane, which could travel a lot quicker than the trains and vehicles. Accordingly the time required to travel was definitely diminished by the creation of planes. Because of the gigantic advances in innovation in the 21st century, there are planes that can travel significantly quicker than sound. These planes take not exactly an h our to travel in excess of thousand miles. Going by the methods for air has become the most quickest and regular technique for transport particularly for huge spans. At the current circumstance, we can go the world over in under a day not at all like the past when it used to take a very long time to do as such. Subsequently we would now be able to travel anyplace on the planet when we have a little snooze and an espresso. In any case, as a rule of innovative headways, we can't accomplish such incredible accomplishment without a cost. One such value we needed to pay again and again is the lives of the person that was lost in the various plane accidents we had since the time we began utilizing the plane. The plane accidents have asserted broiler ten thousand lives in the most recent decade in more than 1800 mishaps. In spite of the fact that the quantity of mishaps has been diminished to a large portion of the number 10 years back, the quantity of losses of life hasnt diminished a lot. This is on the grounds that as the innovation expanded, the quantity of travelers on a flight increments. Prior just around hundred individuals could go in a plane and now there are flights that can oblige more than 500. Consequently the quantity of travelers engaged with one mishap expanded and despite the fac t that there are less mishaps, a few are sufficient to take in excess of 1000 lives. Aeronautics fatalities have existed since the hour of the creation of planes. Its first happening on one of the models of the Wright siblings causing demise of a traveler ready and wounds to Orville Wright himself. Starting that occurrence certain security highlights were added to the plane so as to lessen mishaps. The avionics security gear industry has gotten an extremely enormous one and now is a billion-dollar industry all alone. The flight wellbeing has improved essentially in the course of recent long periods of its usage. In the course of the most recent couple of years over 95% of the individuals in U.S. plane accidents have made due because of the new security highlights presented in them. One of the most unnerving avionics mishaps was the Tenerife occurrence. The debacle has caused the most elevated number of fatalities. In excess of 500 fifty individuals passed on in this fiasco. This happened when a KLM Boing 747 crashed into a Pan Am747 at Los Rodeos Airport in Spain. The reason for the accident was the pilots blunder. The pilot of the KLM flight endeavored to departure without leeway and slammed into the maneuvering Pan American flight. This episode was totally the slip-up on the pilot yet there are sure ones that are additionally caused because of mechanical disappointment. The accident of the JAL Flight 123 was one such case. Around 500 twenty were dead in this mishap when the airplane experienced a touchy decompression because of an inaccurately fixed toward the back weight bulkhead. This happened in mid flight and pulverized the greater part of the flights vertical stabilizer. This likewise cut off the entirety of the water driven lines, making it practically wild. For this situation the pilots were more understanding however their experience could just save the plane flying for a couple of something else. The plane at long last collided with a mountain making it the single-airplane fiasco with the most number of fatalities. This was an instance of chiefly mechanical issues and not the pilots mistake. The presentation of the airborne impact evasion framework was done after the 1996 Chakhri Dadri mid-air crash. In this mishap a Saudia Flight 763 slammed on an Air Kazakhstan flight 1907 when the Kazakh pilot was flying lower than the elevation he was offered freedom to. This mishap guaranteed 349 lives, which incorporates all the team and travelers on board both the flights. The airborne crash evasion framework gives data about any airplanes or flying items close by along these lines helping the pilot to change its course so as to forestall impact. As the innovation got propelled, the speed with which the airplanes could fly expanded just as the security highlights required to go at those velocities. Probably the best plane at any point made was the Concorde. It was considered as a flight symbol and a building wonder. This plane was controlled by a turbojet motor, which made it feasible for it to travel quicker than sound. This supersonic traveler plane made the time required to head out to wherever a large portion of the current time required. The creation of these planes was halted not long after the Air France flight 4590s accident. This was a Concorde flight planned from Charles de Gaulle air terminal to JKF air terminal. It collided with an inn in Gonesse, France not long after its departure. Each of the nine crewmembers and one hundred travelers on board couldn't endure the mishap. This episode occurred because of a chain of mistakes and the fundamental one being surpassing the greatest departure weight limit. This cutoff was not surpassed just barely yet by a ton. Despite the fact that the flight could have taken care of this over the top weight, the flight couldn't departure appropriately in light of the fact that the focal point of gravity of the entire weight was focused on the back of the flight. Additionally a titanium combination strip dropped out of a Continental Air trip during departure five minutes before the departure this flight. The runway staff didn't do the vital advance to assess the runway and evacuate this seventeen-inch long trash. It was a piece of the convention for Concorde departure planning that the runway ought to be reviewed before departure. Because of this flotsam and jetsam lying on the runway, it cut a feel worn out on the Concorde flight bursting it. Because of the centripetal powers, a piece from the tire that gauged ten pounds struck the underside of the airplanes wing structure with speed in excess of 300 mph. In spite of the fact that this didn't legitimately break any fuel tanks, it convey a weight wave caus ing one of its fuel tank to burst at its most fragile point. This was the fuel tank that was packed before during fuel move. Either the electric circular segment of the arrival rigging or some cut off electric link touched off the spilling fuel. Because of this fire, both motor one and two flooded and lost all its capacity. Yet, following a couple of moments, motor one recuperated yet a huge fire was created around the subsequent motor. In this way the First Engineer needed to close down the motor two so as to forestall spreading of fire. Since the flight had crossed the base speed to departure, the team proceeded with departure, yet the group couldn't do so appropriately with the staying three motors as the cut off links forestalled the withdrawal of the undercarriage. Therefore the plane couldn't increase a speed in excess of 200 bunches and a most extreme height of 200 ft. The expanding fire made the wing crumble because of very high temperature. The Engine one flooded again however neglected to recuperate this time. Because of the lopsided push on the flight, the flight began to bank aside for in excess of 100 degrees. The team attempting to level the plane, hindered the other two motors. This made the flight free it velocity and made it unthinkable for the group to control it and the plane began to slow down and thus crash. After this accident, the utilization of Concorde trips for traveler transportation was halted until the examination of this case was finished. The individuals to be considered dependable were the ground staffs who were mindful to ensure that the runway was clear. Specialists guarantee the supersonic airplane hit a bit of stray titanium from another airplane, puncturing its tire which set off a chain response that caused the disaster.(Airline Industry Information, 2004). On the off chance that the ground staff would have done examination appropriately, the entire fiasco could have been forestalled. Another occurrence happened when the Uruguayan Air Force flight 571 conveying 45 individuals, including a rugby crew collided with Andes. In excess of 10 individuals kicked the bucket in the accident and some others by the wounds and the chilly climate. Be that as it may, the rest was saved following 70 days of this occurrence. This mishap was a direct result of the terrible climate, which confined the flying of the plane over 30000 feet. Additionally the entire zone of the mountains was canvassed in mists, which brought down the perceivability of the pilot. Because of low perceivability the plane collided with a pinnacle, which made destruction one of its wings along these lines removing the control from the pilot and smashing the plane. Despite the fact that the pilot didn't know about these circumstances, the co-pilot was. The pilot had not been flying the plane, yet the copilot had crossed the Andes previously. (Peruse, 1975). The copilot despite everything couldn't spare the pla ne however made his best to do as such. One of the mishaps that has been caused because of mechanical disappointments and no team could have evaded was the Valujet Flight 592 episode. It asserted 110 lives in that mishap. This was a result of some terminated oxygen generators place in the load compartment by the support contractual workers of Valujet. There was a little fire in the freight compartment and as per ordinary strategies the fire would have quenched itself as this was a water/air proof compartment and when the oxygen gracefully in this compartment was done, the fire would stifle itself. However, the oxygen generators

Duties of the noble society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obligations of the honorable society - Essay Example What can be said of the archive is that it represents the worldwide rights to which every single person are entitled. The basic beliefs of Saint Leo’s (2011) have various similitudes to the UDHR (1948). Holy person Leo’s (2011) stresses the advancement of each individual's psyche, soul and body for a healthy lifestyle and all individuals from the Saint Leo University people group must exhibit their dedication the character of our locale. Endless supply of article 29 in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) it was announced that â€Å"Everyone has obligations to the network in which alone the free and full improvement of his character is conceivable. It doesn't take a stretch to see that these two focuses intently adjust in any case, how this is deciphered from the two points of view is by all accounts generally up to the person. It remains the case that the two records pressure that we have a ‘duty’ to our locale. Anyway a further state of article 29 (UDHR, 1948) are confinements which are resolved exclusively to make sure about due acknowledgment and regard for the rights and opportunities of others with worries for profound quality, open request and the general government assistance in a fair society. In the circle of worldwide and household legislative issues it was contended by the New York Times (2010) that this issue went to the front line during the Lars Vilks Mohammed Drawings Cartoon Controversy. Numerous individuals started genuine conversations with regards to where the privilege to masterful articulation closes and the option to be liberated from strict oppression. The following significant arrangement between these two associations comes through article 26 (UDHR, 1948) specifies that â€Å"Everyone has the privilege uninhibitedly to take an interest in the social existence of the network, to appreciate expressions of the human experience and to partake in logical headway and its benefits.† In numerous manners this lines up with Saint Leo’s (2011)commitment to network to the extent that the worth urges understudies to endeavor to cultivate their duty to greatness. Eventually the guiding principle (Saint Leo’s, 2011) endeavors to have a solid network and this relies upon the solidarity and decent variety of individuals with a free trade of thoughts and on getting the hang of, living, and working agreeably. How this relates to local legislative issues in nations around the globe is that this issue has commanded conversations of assorted variety and multiculturalism. Toward one side of the range come articulations from government officials who accept that multiculturalism fizzled (BBC, 2010) yet then again I accept that one of the center qualities of my locale is that we hold onto multiculturalism as well as perceive that there are qualities to social orders that draw from individuals of various sentiments. As a last model I accept that there are numerous equals that can be drawn between Saint Leo’s (2011) and article 26(UDHR, 1948) to the extent that our foundation offers the expression that we esteem all individuals’ remarkable gifts, regard their nobility and endeavor to cultivate their duty to greatness through the soul of Jesus Christ. Despite the fact that it might be that not every person in our locale is Christian we should regard our locale individuals for what their identity is and perceive their remarkable qualities while regarding their convictions and they are as allowed to get all the advantages of buckling down for our locale also. Without question there are a number

Here is Why You Shouldnt Apply for Zillion Jobs at the Same Employer

Here is Why You Shouldn’t Apply for Zillion Jobs at the Same Employer How many times have you come across multiple job advertisements from the same company and thought if you should apply for several available positions?Hell, you might’ve even read about it on the internet and saw that a lot of people claim it is a good thing to do that.Well, let me tell you something. It is not, and we are here to prove it to all those skeptics out there.In this text, we are going to discuss what people’s motives are when they are thinking about applying for multiple jobs at the same company, why it is not a good thing to do and what is the alternative.Without any further due, let’s begin!WHY PEOPLE APPLY FOR MULTIPLE JOBS?Let us first examine why people would even apply for multiple jobs at the same employer. There are several pretty obvious reasons, so let’s get into it!A Dream Come True!My friend Marc has been working all kinds of jobs over the years, but what he desired the most is to work for a multinational company ever since he was near the end of his s tudies. Now, Marc’s dream company is Coca Cola.A while ago, Marc has been searching the internet for a new job and then he saw the job ad from Coca Cola.Since it was the position in the finance section, and he had finished his Economics studies, he decided to apply.Then, after he had applied, there was a pop-up showing all the job ads posted by Coca Cola. There were open positions in marketing, finance, administration, and a couple more sectors.Without any thoughts, Marc applied for several positions, for which he knew he had enough qualifications.After all, it was his dream to work for a company like Coca Cola, so he didn’t want to waste that opportunity.This is what people think in these moments when they are so hyped about even the slightest chance of getting that job in the company they just love.More applications ? Higher chance for getting the jobSubmitting multiple job applications to the same employer doesn’t raise your chances of getting one of the jobs. Job seeking i s sometimes a lottery, that much is true, but in this case, it is the wrong philosophy.Let’s take Marc for example. When he had been applying for those jobs in Coca Cola, he applied for jobs in finance, marketing, and administration sectors, figuring he would get one of those jobs.He merely thought that the fact he had applied for multiple jobs would increase his chances of him being hired.This is kind of thinking, not only Marc, but all of us experienced. When you are desperately looking for a job, you are trying to find ways to increase your chances of getting the kind of job you wanted, so you usually respond to multiple job ads and apply to multiple positions with the hope that some of those companies might invite you to an interview.Then, when you are invited to multiple interviews, you tend to try to negotiate the best terms and you usually pick the company which offers those terms.But, this is not the same situation like the one where you apply for multiple jobs at the same employer.That is an entirely different thing.Red or Blue Pill?Life is usually about choices. Whether to get this, whether to do that.Some choices are easy, such as the decisions like what to eat or what to wear, but some decisions are a bit harder to make, because they matter much more to us and have a great impact on our life, like for example, what school to go to, what job to do, etc.In Marc’s example, he was faced with a difficult choice on which job in Coca Cola should he apply for. Should he go for a job in the finance sector, for which he has the most experience, or perhaps for the one in marketing or even administration?Marc, being blinded by his love for Coca Cola, didn’t think this through and decided to apply for all three jobs, thinking it would increase his chances of getting one of those jobs.Same as Marc, sometimes we cannot make up our minds about what do we really want with both our lives and our job, so we take the easy route and just try to do everything and apply for multiple jobs at once, even though we are not quite sure if we even want some of those jobs or do we simply apply for them because we either like the company or because we like to play lottery and hope to get the jackpot in the form of a job.Not Sure What They Really WantAnother very common reason people tend to just spam job applications is that they are still unsure of what they really want to do.This is not the case for just jobs, but also for every similar decision, like for example, the decision about what high school or college to go to.I personally didn’t know what I want to do with my life when I had to pick a high school, so I just went with the high school based around Economics, since there were a lot of girls there. I know, silly way to pick a school, but it turned out great in the end! I managed to get to the Faculty of Economics and found my love towards that field.It is the same with jobs, some people just don’t know what kind of job they want to do, so they go with multiple options, to try out several different areas and decide which one suits them the most.And to be honest, it is a valid reason, but as we will soon see, it doesn’t make it any less bad.WHY NOT APPLY FOR A ZILLION JOBS AT THE SAME EMPLOYER?Now that we have gone over the reason people tend to apply for zillion jobs at the same employer, let’s discuss why it is actually not a good idea to do that.It is UnprofessionalWhen interviewers examine people’s CVs and invite them to a job interview, they expect them to act professional, because most companies are looking for capable people who are ready to work in a dynamic environment in order to achieve company’s goals.And in order to do that, you have to be professional, to act responsibly and show your employers that you are the right kind of person and that they didn’t make mistake by hiring you.Now, when the interviewers see that you spammed multiple job applications in their company, they might consider that m ove very unprofessional, because it kind of tells them that you are not interested in the job that much, and that you didn’t do your research about the specific job.Of course, that doesn’t have to be true, but it almost always is.You must be wondering what became of Marc in the matter of Coca Cola jobs.Well, in short, he didn’t get any of those three jobs, because of this and the reasons we are going to mention below.It Shows IndecisivenessLike with everything in life, you will have to make a lot of decisions on your job as well. That is why companies are looking for people who are capable of making tough decisions, who are not afraid to do so.Because any hesitation can cause a hold-up and that usually means more problems for the company, which is, of course, what everyone is trying to avoid.By applying for multiple jobs at the same company, your decision could be interpreted in two ways.First, they might think you really like the company and that you are very hyped about work ing for it and that is why you have applied more than once.On the other hand, they might also think that you are not a really decisive person, which is not good for the company.They might also ask you why you decided to apply for multiple jobs like they did ask Marc. Of course, he told them the story about Coca Cola being his dream company and such, but in the end, it wasn’t enough and they rejected him.Even though he was honest about it, it wasn’t easy for them to decide, because you can never know if people lie during the interviews or not.So, instead of believing him, they probably thought he is an indecisive person.It can be a Turnoff for the CompanyOne of the major reasons that come forward regarding this topic is that applying for multiple jobs at the same company can lead to a turnoff for that company,as Alison Doyle, founder, and CEO of CareerToolBelt.com says.Alison is known to give some good tips about this topic.The first thing she mentions though is that you should c onsider all your strengths and weaknesses and put them side by side with the job requirements before you decide to apply for multiple jobs.In other words, you should see if you qualify for all the positions before applying.Next thing she says is that when you decide to apply for multiple positions, you have to be realistic.If a company has a lot of open applications, you shouldn’t apply for more than 2 or 3 at most, because if you would apply for, let’s say 5,6 positions, it could be a turnoff for the company and goes side by side with the previous point, which wouldn’t make you look good in the eyes of the interviewer.Other people say that you should never apply for more than one job at a time and that if you don’t get an answer in some time, you could apply for the next position.The problem with that, says Alison, is that by the time that happens, there might not be another job to apply for, because most companies, at least bigger ones, post their job ads at the same time, no matter the position.This means that you would lose the chance of applying for another job you might’ve wanted, so it would’ve been your loss.In this regard, Alison says that the only way to avoid this is to take a premeditated risk and apply for more positions using the tactic she mentioned earlier.WHAT TO DO INSTEAD?Now that we went over the reasons why it would be bad to simply apply for zillion jobs at the same employer, let’s see what you can do instead and how that helped our friend Marc.As you know, Marc didn’t manage to get the job at Coca Cola, his dream company. But instead of giving in to despair, he decided to see what he did wrong and learn from it, in order to try again in the future.So far, he hasn’t gotten the chance to reapply for a job in Coca Cola, but he did apply for another job in another big company, which is IKEA.There were also multiple positions available, but this time, instead of rushing and sending his resume to all of them, he decided to pl ay it smart and prepare. He used 3 simple steps in order to take the best course of action:Locate job positions of interest;Comparing qualifications with requirements;Choosing the right moment in the hiring process.In the end, Marc got the job he wanted and is now pretty happy there, since he is doing the job he likes and he even changed his mind about his dream company, which is now IKEA.Not because he doesn’t like Coca Cola as a company anymore, but because he fell in love with Swedish meatballs he can get in IKEA restaurant.Locate Job Positions of InterestThe first thing to do when deciding whether to apply for more than one job at the same company is to check all available options and decide which open jobs would suit you.In case you aim to apply for, let’s say two or three positions, and then it is not such a big issue to deal with.But if you just want to get into the company and don’t care much about a specific position, it wouldn’t be a good idea to just apply for all available positions.Instead, you should stop and think about what you want to do and how to do it.First of all, by applying for all available positions, you would make it much harder for hiring a manager to evaluate you, simply because they would have to compare your qualifications for each position individually, which is not an easy task.Then there is a problem of making you look bad. Some of it we had already mentioned.You would look very indecisive and definitely not professional, which is something you want to avoid.Apart from that, it would just show them that you appear very desperate, which is not good, no one wants desperate people in their team.So, the best thing you can do is trying to choose those positions for which you are the most qualified in order to look more professional and make yourself easier to make a decision about which of them you should really apply.Comparing Qualifications with the RequirementsWhen you have narrowed your possible choices for a job positio n, it is time to evaluate yourself and see if your qualifications match the job requirements, because interest alone isn’t enough to get you your job. Apart from that, you have to be qualified to do it.The problem with a lot of people is that they tend to ignore this step, and simply apply for the job because they like it.Now, we are not talking about fresh graduates who don’t have the necessary experience for any job. But they can fall into this category as well.It is better for them to compare their own skills and all the different things they had learned in school and college, which is probably not much but should still be countable.The main thing to note here is that you should always be realistic when you look for a job.If you notice that you are qualified for a specific job, go for it, but if you see that your attributes and skills don’t match the job requirements, you shouldn’t waste time on trying to get that job anyway.It could have a negative impact on your chances to get the jobs for which you have good enough qualifications. Apart from that, it could cause unnecessary confusion for the person who is tasked with hiring you.Choosing the Right Moment in the Hiring ProcessProbably the crucial question that pops up when you think about this topic is what is the right moment to apply or show interest in multiple positions at the same company?One of the appropriate moments to do this and express your interest in multiple positions is during your first talk with the hiring manager, which usually happens over the phone, so-called the initial phone screening.Before applying though, you should make sure to change the resume to fit each job position you want to apply for. It is really important to do this, especially if you want to apply for somewhat different jobs in the same company.On the other hand, if you have already passed several stages of the hiring process, and perhaps made it to the final interview, you should probably not mention anything a bout you being willing to try out other available positions as well. Why is that, you might think?Well, if you had applied for finance assistant and almost got the job, and then if you would tell them that you saw they intend to hire marketing assistant as well and that you are willing to discuss that positions if possible, that would be very unprofessional and it would show them that you are very easily distracted and that you tend to swap commitments often, which is not good.Now, it is definitely not easy to just ignore all potential job applications if you are really so keen to join the company. However, as we were able to see in Marc’s case, it is not a good idea to just spam applications for each position as well.That’s why going through these 3 steps is very important. They help you maintain that self-control you need in order to stay calm and not lash out. WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU CANNOT DECIDE?Choosing your job is one of the toughest decisions you will ever have to make, beca use it will define your future, thus making it very important. That’s why you should choose wisely.But it often happens that people have no idea what they want to do and that could present a problem to them and to the company they want to work in.If you really like a company and you are really interested in multiple jobs, but you cannot decide which one to apply for, you should really go over those 3 steps we had mentioned above.Since you had already picked the jobs, you should really compare your qualifications to the job requirements. That way you will be able to find out which job positions are the most suited for you and which ones you should avoid.That said, even if you like a job and are interested in it, you should first try to evaluate yourself and see if you are even qualified to do that job. If not, then there is really no need to apply for it.CONCLUSIONThat was all folks! We discussed why it is not a good idea to apply for zillion jobs at the same employer and what the good alternative is.Now, what is left is that you go and search for your dream company and apply everything we taught you here.

Probation Orientation Meetings And The Criminal Justice Field

Probation Orientation Meetings are held on a monthly basis at the District Office as apart to help reentry initiatives. While in an informal setting, a probation officer and the sentencing judge explains the conditions, requirements and answer question. This assist the offender in understanding what is required to successfully complete probation. Probation and Parole is apart of community policing that deals with ethics, integrity, values. This promotes and supports organization strategies to address the cause and reduce the fear of crime and social disorders through problem solving approaches and community partnership. Ethics is used when addressing moral conduct. Integrity is used when one if true to themselves and would not do anything dishonorable. Values are social principles that are being upheld.The main roles of an officer in the criminal justice field is to maintain order, crime prevention, public education, delivery of service and enforcement of laws. The officers work hand in hand with community groups and social service agencies to provide offenders and victims with the support and services they need. Probation Officers maintain partnerships with law enforcement and other justice agencies so the agencies can benefit from the expertise of each other and share information on criminal activity. Like most agency, Louisiana Department of Corrections is a workplace violence free zone, sexual harassment free zone, drug free zone. Louisiana Department of Correction alsoShow MoreRelatedA Long Term Supervision Sex Offender1230 Words   |  5 Pagesterm-supervision sex offender. Outlined is his past and current criminal history, dynamic factors such as; employment, family, social interactions, substance abuse, community functioning, emotional orientation and attitude. Also outlined will is his community supervision plan. Offender and past criminal history Micheal Victor is a 54 year old Caucasian male native from Quebec. 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Sociologists ask questions about those influencesR ead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 Pagesrights of anybody amp; everybody. NEED India needs effective consumer protection and protection of workers genuine rights. MOTTO They practice NO DISCRIMINATION, JUSTICE amp; HIGH QUALITY - means enthusiastic, productive performance of duty KARTAVYA towards the consumer, workers genuine satisfaction. AIM To provide justice - be it a matter of the tiniest imperfection or injustice in their COMMITMENT - products or services. Direct or indirect, short term or long term. E. CORPORATE SOCIAL

Case Briefs for Law Students

First of all, let’s get some terminology clear: a brief that an attorney writes is not the same as a case brief by a law student. Attorneys write appellate briefs or briefs in support of motions or other court pleadings whereas law students’ case briefs concern one case and summarize everything important you need to know about a case to help them prepare for class. But briefing can be very frustrating as a new law student. Here are some tips for getting the most out of your briefing. Case briefs are tools for you to use to prepare for class. You will typically have hours of reading for a given class and you will need to recall many details about the case at a moments notice in class (especially if you get called on by your professor). Your brief is a tool to help you refresh your recollection about what you read and quickly be able to reference the main points of the case. There are two main types of briefs – a written brief and a book brief. The Written Brief Most law schools recommend that you start with a written brief. These are either typed or handwritten and have some pretty typical headers summarizing the main points of a given case. Here is the commonly accepted framework of a written brief: Facts: This should be a quick list of facts, but make sure to include any legally significant facts.Procedural history: These are notes about the journey the case has taken through the court system.Issue presented: What is the legal issue that the court is discussing? Note, there can be more than one issue.Holding: This is the ruling of the court. If the issue presented is a question for the court to answer, then the holding is the answer to that question.Legal reasoning: This is a quick summary of the thought process used by the court to reach their conclusion.Rule of law: If the court applied any rules of law that are important, you want to write that down too.Concurring or dissenting opinions (if any): If your casebook included a concurring or dissenting opinion in your reading, you will need to read it carefully. It is there for a reason. Sometimes you might find that your professors ask very specific questions about cases that you want to include in your brief. An example of this would be a professor who always asked what the Plaintiff’s arguments were. Make sure you have a section in your brief about Plaintiff’s arguments. (If your professor consistently brings something up, you should also make sure that is included in your class notes.)   A Warning About Written Briefs One word of warning: Students can start to spend too much time working on briefs by writing out too much information. No one is going to read these briefs except you. Remember, they are just notes to solidify your understanding of the case and help you be prepared for class.   The Book Brief Some students prefer book briefing to writing out a full written brief. This approach, made popular by Law School Confidential, involves simply highlighting different parts of the case in different colors, right there in your textbook (hence the name). If it helps, you can also draw a little picture at the top to remind you of the facts (this is a great tip for visual learners). Thus, instead of referencing your written brief during class, you would instead turn to your casebooks and your color-coded highlighting to find what you are looking for. Some students find this to be easier and more effective than written briefs. How do you know it is right for you? Well, you give it a go and see if it helps you navigate the Socratic dialogue in class. If it doesn’t work for you, go back to your written briefs. Try each method out and remember briefs are just a tool for you. Your brief doesn’t need to look like the person’s sitting next to you as long as it keeps you focused and engaged in the class discussion.

The Italian Conquest of Abyssinia How far was the LoN to blame Free Essays

string(71) " Italy being upset with the Council \(Britain and France\) of the LoN\." Source A – the cartoon entitled â€Å"Dogs of War† – has a message of the ways in which the League of Nations failed. This is depicted through the cartoon in numerous ways. Firstly, the woman (representative of the League of Nations) is shown holding the dog collars which have writing engraved on them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Italian Conquest of Abyssinia: How far was the LoN to blame? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One collar reads Japan while the other collar reads Germany. The fact that they are empty indicates that they have both left the League. When relating that to real events, Japan left the league as a result of them being condemned after the invasion of Manchuria and Germany left through the actions of Hitler (as a result of him disagreeing with the disarmaments). Another way in which the cartoon shows the failure of the League is through the actions of Britain and France. During the conflict between Italy and Abyssinia, Britain and France are shown as just â€Å"looking over†. In simpler terms, Britain and France are shown as if they do not care or just wish to let things go by as if it doesn’t matter. This, in effect, undermines the League’s objective of dealing with conflicts such as those and creating peace. When relating that to real events, Britain and France didn’t really do much as they thought that would be jeopardising their relationship with Italy. By doing so, they reckoned Italy would join forces with Germany and that would make matters worse. As a result, they just stood by and let Mussolini invade and take over Abyssinia. However, it is not just about what Britain and France did; it is also about if they had the ability to do it. The fact that Britain is represented as a bulldog and France as a poodle – stronger than the dogs representing Italy and Abyssinia – shows exactly how they could have dealt with the problem if they wanted to. This relates to how they had the use of collective security to deal with problems, if need be. My point here is that this strengthens my argument above of how Britain and France just didn’t want to deal with the conflict. In addition, the League of Nations on the whole is shown as a woman who is not bothered about the conflict. That aside, the fact that the league is represented a woman depicts peace. This is also emphasised through the addition of a dove above her head, which also represents peace. The ironic thing here, though, is that the situation is not one of peace and that the argument has not been dealt with in order to create peace. Instead of actually doing something about it, she is just doing what Britain and France are. Using this, failure has been shown as the cartoon is critical of the league not doing anything about the matter. My final point on this matter relates to what the woman representing the league is actually doing. The cartoonist has shown the woman with her arms tied. It seems as if he/she wants to get across the fact that woman is struggling to control the dogs. In terms of real events, Britain and France signed a Hoare-Laval pact which allowed Italy to take 2/3 of Abyssinia. However, when the public found out about this, it had a bad name on the LoN and so Hoare and Laval denied any knowledge whatsoever. Italy saw this and invaded Abyssinia as they no longer trusted Britain and France. This is a reason for the league having its arms tied. On the other hand, it can be said to be struggling as the league struggled to look after both the members and the conflicts that were going on. This point is reinforced from what is said at the bottom of the cartoon: â€Å"JUST AS WE WERE ALL GETTING ALONG SO NICELY! I WONDER WHAT I HAVE TO DO THIS TIME. † There are a number of ways in which sources A and B differ and allow the viewer understand the problems of peacekeeping in the 1930s. Firstly, a major difference between the sources is how each country is represented. While source A uses dogs to represent countries, source B uses sacks. The fact that dogs are closer to humans than sacks allows source A to have a huge advantage over source B. What I mean by this is that dogs are living and really significant things such as facial expressions and movement can be shown through them. However, those significant aspects cannot be shown through sacks and that is what allows a viewer to understand the cartoon better. For example; Italy and Abyssinia are shown to be having an argument of some sort. We notice that it is an argument from the facial expression of Abyssinia. In addition, they are in each other’s face and in positions that are most likely when in a fight. This cannot be done with sacks and so source A is more understanding in showing the problems in this aspect. Likewise, in source A, the LoN is represented as a woman and things such as her movements can be shown (she is shown with her hands tied) whereas, in source B, the LoN is represented as a cart and that cannot be shown here. However, like source A, source B does have aspects that help understand the problems. One good aspect in my opinion is the showing of which countries are more likely to leave than others. A great example of this is how Great Britain and France are solid up the top whereas Italy is on the verge of falling off. This relates well to how Italy didn’t have faith in the League after the pact because they felt betrayed by France and Britain and also because Mussolini was a fascist and disagreed with a lot of their views. Therefore, it can be said that this helps understand the problem of Italy being upset with the Council (Britain and France) of the LoN. You read "The Italian Conquest of Abyssinia: How far was the LoN to blame?" in category "Papers" In addition, the fact that the LoN is represented as a cart in source B indicates it is slow and needs to be pushed. This helps understand the slow aspect and an example of this would be how Lytton went out to Manchuria to sort things out really late in November. A good aspect in both sources that help understand the problems is that both show that Japan and Germany have left the league. Despite the fact that they are done in different ways, they both show and help understand the problem of not having 2 major forces in the league. On the other hand, a bad aspect in both would be that neither shows the â€Å"whys†. For example; both sources do not show why Japan and Germany have left the league. This is a major disadvantage as research or own knowledge is required to understand the source to full effect. Finally, something to note here is what the provenance states. Source A is a cartoon from a British magazine but is critical of the fact that Britain just looked on over the conflict between Italy and Abyssinia. On the other hand, source B is a cartoon from a British magazine and is saying that Britain is solely holding the league together, which is untrue as the help of France and other countries is also doing so. From this, we can say that source A is more reliable than source B as source B is biased. In conclusion to this answer, I feel that source A is more useful than source B for understanding the problems of peacekeeping in the 1930s for the sole reason that living creatures are used to represent countries as opposed to sacks. Despite the fact that source B shows how the league was slow and how Italy were about to leave, I still think that what the dogs and the woman show are more crucial in terms of understanding the problems. The fact that the conflict is shown and how Britain, France and the league is not interested are the core points justifies my point. There are ways in which source C would have worried members of LoN and ways in which the league would not be worried much at all. Benito Mussolini states that â€Å"once a decision is taken we march forward and do not turn back! In my opinion, this aspect of the speech would have worried the members of the league as it is implying how ruthless Italy can be/are. When that is put into perspective with the league’s actions, things can become very concerning for the league. By mentioning that they will not turn back, whatever the league throws at them will, in effect, not stop Italy. Another reason for the league to be worried relates to what Mussolini says at the end of his speech. In his speech, Mussolini says that â€Å"It is better to live one day as a lion than a hundred years as a sheep! I reckon this would worry members of the LoN because that last part shows how much power means to him. In addition, he may be implying that the sheep are countries of less power such as Abyssinia or other African colonies. The fact that lions eat sheep further indicates his intention of taking hold of the countries/colonies. A reason for the league not to be worried, however, is that Italy showed its weakness in 1920 when it came running to the league after the incident at Corfu. However, this can be counter-argued by the fact that Benito Mussolini did not come into power until 1922. What I mean by this is that Benito’s option would have most likely not included the league and so Italy wouldn’t seem as weak. Members of the league would not be as worried due to the fact that Italy was on their own at the time and would therefore mean less strength. Once again though, Mussolini was a fascist and would have probably gone to extreme lengths to get an ally. Overall, I think that the members of the LoN would have been worried at his speech for a number of reasons. Firstly, his ruthlessness would have concerned the league as they would not know how to deal with it on occasions. Secondly, the fact that the speech indicates his love for power would also worry the league as they often struggle with situations whereby a powerful country has done something. A perfect example of this is the incident of Vilna. Vilna was awarded to Poland solely on the basis that they were strong/big and the league could do nothing about it, although it originally belonged to Lithuania. Finally, the league would be worried because they would be unsure as to how Mussolini would act. For example; in 1920, Mussolini may have chosen for Italy to use force instead of go to the LoN and that would have worried the league much more. Britain’s attitude to Abyssinia is shown in different ways through each source (D and E). In source D, we are given the impression that Britain does not really care much about Abyssinia. It states, â€Å"The suggestions favoured Italy, were acceptable to France, and Eden gave the impression that England might accept them as well. † The fact that the suggestions favoured Italy meant that they didn’t favour Abyssinia. Baring this in mind, the source later says â€Å"Eden gave the impression that England might accept them as well. † This meant that he thought England were going to accept the fact that Abyssinia were to be treated unfairly and so this quote indicates Britain do not really care much about Abyssinia. However, to counter-argue that, it can be said that Anthony Eden was a man who always used to try and impress people. This is evident from him being known as â€Å"Lord Eyelashes† – someone who always used to flutter his eyelashes in order to get on the good side of people or to get what he wanted. Using this, it can be said that the impression he gave didn’t represent his true feelings or that what his views are may not be the same as the rest of Britain. Despite the fact that – from the provenance – Anthony Eden was charge of the LoN affairs of the British government, whatever he may think may not have been accepted by the public due to different viewpoints. Although Eden gave the impression that Britain may accept it, Britain, on the whole, may have not have actually done so. While Source D was written by an Italian historian, Source E was proclaimed by Sir Samuel Hoare, British Foreign Secretary. Samuel’s first sentence in his speech immediately questions my trust of Britain’s attitude to Abyssinia. When Hoare states that â€Å"The League stands for collective support of its Covenant (rules)†, what suddenly comes to mind is the Hoare-Laval pact. This was a pact signed between Britain (Hoare), France (Laval) and Italy (Mussolini) that stated Italy could have 2/3 of Abyssinia. While it was considered a reasonable conclusion by Hoare and Laval, the Covenant opposed it and so it reflects Hoare’s personality and as to whether he can actually be trusted. However, regardless of his actions, it can be said that Samuel Hoare was a man of high authority considering the fact that he was British Foreign Secretary. In addition, another trustworthy aspect to this speech would be that Hoare was talking to the public and could not lie. Once again though, that can be counter-argued by the fact that he is talking to the LoN and doesn’t want to disappoint them by saying negative things about them. By doing so, he could have been the cause of the LoN having an even worse name, which he would then be blamed for. My final point in this question relates to the provenance/details about the source. Source D was written by an Italian historian in 1961. Here, the author and the time play a major part in the reliability of the source. The fact that the source was written many years after and the writer was Italian means that, if – for instance – Italy didn’t really like Britain at the time, the writer may have referred to Anthony Eden as â€Å"Lord Eyelashes† instead of something a bit more positive. On the other hand, the speech (Source E) was said by a British person and was said just after the time of the incident. Therefore, if Samuel Hoare hated the LoN years later, nothing would be different in terms of the speech as it has already been made. As mentioned earlier, time plays a huge part in reliability. Time goes on and as it does, memory becomes a less clear vision. What I mean by this is that people tend to forget things or not see them the way they were at the time and so Source D may be different to what had actually happened. Source E, however, cannot be as the speech was actually made at the time. In conclusion to this question, I trust source D more when reflecting Britain’s attitude to Abyssinia for a number of reasons. The way I perceive it to be – from what I have learnt/my own knowledge – is that Britain didn’t care about Abyssinia all that much as it didn’t concern them much. In other words, the consequences of them being invaded didn’t really concern affairs with Abyssinia; it just really concerned Italy’s power and what they were going to do next. And so, firstly, this is backed up by source D (from my point earlier). Despite the fact that Anthony Eden was a â€Å"weird† man and the provenance could cause unreliability, I feel source E isn’t any better. Source E states that Britain (in the LoN) will help Abyssinia and does not tolerate bullying but that is not actually how I feel about the matter. From previous cases, such as the one of Manchuria, the League only condemned Japan and did not act in terms of collective security. And, although Samuel Hoare was talking to the public, can he really be trusted after the pact opposing the Covenant? I think not†¦ There are numerous ways in which sources F G agree and likewise in ways they disagree. Source F shows an old man on the verge of exiting a small house. He is holding something that is emitting light and the cartoonist has done this to emphasise the fact that the old man/LoN is living in the dark. What can actually be done in the dark is limited and so the cartoonist is trying to show the viewer that the LoN is limited to what it can do. What’s more, the LoN is made out to be an old man. When referring something to an old man, the point being made is that it is slow and feeble. So the cartoonist’s point here is that the LoN was slow and feeble. A further way in which the cartoonist is critical of the LoN is through the use of the Italian soldier. By making out the Italian soldier as big and armed, the message being sent across is that the old man/LoN cannot do anything about the soldier; all it could possibly do is go back inside and accept what has been said. In simpler terms, the fact that the matter has been settled by Italy should be of no concern to the league as absolutely nothing can be done about it. On the other hand, source G is a speech made by the emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie. During his speech, Selassie stated that: â€Å"On many occasions, I have asked for financial assistance for the purchase of arms. That assistance has been constantly refused me. † This, once again, indicates how limited the LoN is in what it can do and so is a way in which they agree. Another obvious way in which they agree is the fact that they are both critical of the league in their own ways. A final way in which both sources agree relates to the first sentence of Selassie’s speech, â€Å"I claim the justice which is due to my people and the assistance promised eight months ago. † Since the assistance promised had not been given to Abyssinia for 8 months, it would be fair to say that the LoN was slow. When put in comparison with the source F, the old man confirms this point. Although, there are a few points that prove the 2 sources agree, there are also a couple that prove the sources disagree. In source G, Haile Selassie says, â€Å"The problem is a much wider one than Italy’s aggression. It is the very existence of the League of Nations. † This does not agree with source F as source F does not show the League of Nations being a problem or making matters worse; it just shows it as something that is not really powerful and nimble. In addition, at the end of Selassie’s speech, Selassie questions the League of future actions through the last line of his speech, â€Å"Are you going to set a terrible example of bowing before force? † This disagrees with source F as source F does not show, in any way, the LoN actually bowing before force. In conclusion, I go somewhat but not too far in saying that sources F G agree due to the fact that the points showing agreement between the sources have clearly outweighed the points showing otherwise. The fact that both sources agree in how the league acts (slow and in a limited way), in my opinion, is of more importance than whether the league made matters worse and so my conclusion to this question – from what I have seen from my arguments – is justified. Source H is a speech from Benito Mussolini in 1936. In this part to the essay, I will be answering as to how far I am surprised that the League of Nations did not ban oil sales to Italy. There are ways in which I am surprised and ways in which I am not. Immediately after reading the source, the first thing that surprised me was the fact that Mussolini had said, â€Å"The biggest worry was a ban on selling oil to us. If that had happened in 1935, the invasion of Abyssinia would have halted in a week. † This surprised me because; if we turn back to source C, we’ll discover that Mussolini said there that â€Å"once a decision is taken we march forward and do not turn back! † The decision here was to invade Abyssinia but Mussolini just went against his speech in 1935 as he said he would have halted the invasion had the oil ban been imposed. On one hand, I was surprised with the League’s actions while, on the other hand, I was not. The reason for me being surprised was that the LoN did not try out something different to prevent the invasion; it just imposed less serious bans. However, I am also not surprised at what the League did due to the fact that the league already had a bad reputation with Italy at the time. Since the Hoare-Laval pact had already been denied (a lie by both Hoare and Laval), Mussolini didn’t trust Britain and France anymore and so people would see that imposing an oil ban, for example, would be a perfect way at getting back at them. A further way in which I am not surprised relates to the bad name the league possessed at the time. Had the league put oil bans on Italy, they could have put them in another depression. After the speech of Haile Selassie, putting another country in depression would just strengthen the point about the LoN existing being a problem in itself. What’s more, a depression affects other parts of the world as well as Italy as trading becomes more of an issue and so my point here is that the world would have more reason to blame the league. Maybe if the league had a better name would it have imposed those bans. My final point in this question is about how Italy could have reacted if the bans were imposed on them. Since, Mussolini was a fascist; I do not believe the invasion would have halted in a week. Instead, I feel Mussolini would have endeavoured to get oil from other means. A perfect way in which to do so would have been to go to America, as both Italy and America would both be satisfied: Italy would get the oil required while America would see it as a profitable opportunity. In conclusion to this question, I am not really surprised that the LoN did not impose the oil bans on Italy for a number of reasons. Firstly, the fact that the league had such a bad reputation at the time meant that serious bans being put on Italy would have resulted in total blame on it if the consequences were outrageous. In addition, since the LoN did not really like Mussolini (his ideas went against it and the fact that he had found out their plan through the Hoare-Laval pact) meant that oil bans could have been an excuse to get back at Italy. As a result, it was further reason not to impose them! And despite the fact that I am surprised at what Mussolini said about halting the invasion, the League still took into account that Italy could have gotten oil from other means. The sources I have studied are all going to be put to use in the final part of this essay: how far do they collectively prove that the LoN was to blame for Mussolini’s conquest of Abyssinia? Source A shows a number of ways in which they prove that the LoN was to blame for the conquest of Abyssinia. Firstly, by having the collars of dogs â€Å"Japan† and â€Å"Germany† empty, the source is trying to get across the message of how the League lost 2 of its most important members that could have made a difference to the outcome of the conquest. In addition, source A shows how Britain and France are not doing anything and so is critical of the fact that they – as council in the LoN – didn’t really do anything but look over the invasion. Likewise, source A shows how the entire league is just looking over the invasion as if not bothered and also shows how her hands are tied. The whole idea is to show how the league could not really take care of both its members and the invasion and so is showing how the league failed in this aspect. This is proved from a quote at the bottom of the source: â€Å"JUST AS WE WERE ALL GETTING ALONG SO NICELY! I WONDER WHAT I HAVE TO DO THIS TIME. † One way, in my opinion, in which the source is not critical is through showing that maybe Italy’s aggression (and Abyssinia’s) was hard to deal with as the league’s (woman’s) hands are tied. Source B is also critical of the League of Nations in a couple of ways. For starters, the league here is represented as a cart. The fact that this is the case shows how the league was slow and needed to be pushed to keep it going. This relates well to what actually happened as the league were slow in doing something about the invasion, as by the time they could do something, Italy had already invaded Abyssinia. Another way in which it proves the league is to blame is by having Italy almost falling off of the cart. The significance of doing so is to show that, with Italy not fully associated with the league anymore; the league had less control of it and so couldn’t really stop future actions. This is as a result of the Hoare-Laval pact, which was – once again – Britain and France’s faults. A final way in which source B is critical is through the use of Japan and Germany. By having them off the cart, it is indicating it is easier to push and this is a good indication of the fact that the league found it hard to deal with so many members and problems simultaneously. Therefore, by having members of the league leave, the league works much smoother. Source C, on the other hand, is showing how the league is not really to blame for the conquest. By Mussolini indicating how ruthless he can be, it gives an idea of what the LoN were dealing with. By using terms such as â€Å"it is better to live one day as a lion than hundred years as a sheep†, the message we are getting is that it was not all the league’s fault; it was also Italy’s aggression that was to blame for the Mussolini conquest. Source D is a source written by an Italian in 1961 and talks predominantly about Anthony Eden, a person in charge of LoN affairs for the British government. This source, in my opinion, shows that the league was to blame for the conquest of Abyssinia. By using the phrase â€Å"Lord Eyelashes†, the writer is trying to get across the message of how the league appointed someone who just did what they did to impress people. In other words, he may have made the wrong decision in agreeing to let the suggestions favour Italy and not Abyssinia just because he wanted to impress Mussolini and others. Therefore, it is showing how the league employed the wrong person for that job, which – most probably did, from the argument I have discussed – drastically change the outcome. Source E, meanwhile, shows supposed positive aspects to the league and so does not show any ways in which the league was to blame for the conquest. This source talks about how the league reacts to things such as â€Å"unprovoked aggression† and states that â€Å"The British government and nation is firm on this principle. † As a result, it can be said that this source does not go far at all in proving that the league was to blame for the conquest of Abyssinia. Source F is a German cartoon published in May 1936, depicting an Italian soldier talking to the LoN (an old man). The soldier says, â€Å"I am sorry to disturb your sleep, but I should like to tell you that you need no longer bother yourself about the Abyssinian business; the matter has been settled. † By stating that he is â€Å"sorry to disturb† the old man’s sleep, the cartoonist is showing that the old man was asleep/just been woken up and is living in the dark. The point being made here is that the league, on many occasions, did not really do anything due to the fact that they are actually sleeping. In addition, by making the LoN an old man, it is indicating that the LoN was slow and weak and therefore allowed the conquest to proceed. A final way in which the cartoonist is critical of the league is through the use of the quote. By making the Italian soldier say that â€Å"I am sorry to disturb your sleep, but I should like to tell you that you no longer need to bother yourself†¦ † it seems as if the cartoonist is trying to get the message across of the fact that the soldier has taken responsibility of the league’s soldiers and done it a favour. What’s more here, by making the Italians solve the matter themselves and having the Italian soldier as bigger than the old man (armed as well) shows exactly how the league could do nothing about the conquest. Likewise, source G is highly critical of the LoN. It is a speech made by Haile Selassie, emperor of Abyssinia at the time. The first way in which Selassie says that the league was to blame is through the first sentence, â€Å"I claim the justice which is due to my people and the assistance promised eight months ago. By using the time phrase â€Å"eight months ago†, it gives us a clear indication of how slow the league was. In addition, by stating that: â€Å"On many occasions, I have asked for financial assistance for the purchase of arms. That assistance has been constantly refused me†, Haile is otherwise saying that the league has its limits to what it can do. In addition to those points, Haile says that the problem is bigger than the aggression of Italy; it is the existence of the LoN. Despite the fact that it is saying that the league in existence is causing all the problems, it is also showing how Italy were also to blame for the conquest. Finally, source H is yet another speech by Benito Mussolini, whereby he says that; if the league had imposed oil bans, he would have halted the invasion. This is critical of the league as it gives me the message that the league should have taken the risk. However, it can also be said that the league was unaware of how to deal with Mussolini or how he would react to the oil ban. Ultimately in this essay, I feel that the sources go very far in proving that the LoN was to blame for the Mussolini conquest. All but 3 of the sources agree with my conclusion and, despite there are even 3, they can all be counter-argued. Firstly, source C shows how ruthless Mussolini was. However, the League of Nations collectively was stronger than him and could deal with whatever he threw (it was more of the fact that they could not be bothered). As a matter of fact, Britain and France on their own could deal with the likes of Mussolini and so the argument for Italy’s aggression now seems small. Secondly, source E talks about how the league was meant to deal with issues like unprovoked aggression. However, the fact that Samuel Hoare’s character is questionable (after the Hoare-Laval pact) alongside him talking to the LoN (wants to say good things about it) makes me wonder whether this source actually counts. And thirdly, despite the League were unaware of how Mussolini was going to react to the ban, I feel that it should have taken the risk in doing so nevertheless as it had nothing to lose; it had already lost its reputation†¦ How to cite The Italian Conquest of Abyssinia: How far was the LoN to blame?, Papers

JAVA INCLUDES A LIBRARY OF CLASSES AND INTERFACES Essay Example For Students

JAVA INCLUDES A LIBRARY OF CLASSES AND INTERFACES: Essay The Java platform includes an extensive class library so that programmers can use already existing classes, as it is, create subclasses to modify existing classes, or implement interfaces to augment the capabilities of classes. Both classes and interfaces contain data members (fields) and functions (methods), but there are major differences. In a class, fields may be either variable or constant, and methods are fully implemented. To use an interface, a programmer defines a class, declares that it implements the Interface, and then implements all the methods in that interface as part of the class. These methods are implemented in a way that is appropriate for the class in which the methods are being used. Interfaces let one add functionality to a class and give a great deal of flexibility in doing it. A package is a collection of related Java classes and interfaces. The following list, however not complete, gives example of some Java packages and what they cover. Java.lang: The basic classes. This package is so basic that it automatically is included in any Java program. It includes classes that intercepts with numeric, strings, objects, runtime, security, and threads. Java.io: Package that includes classes managing reading data in input streams and writing data into output streams. Java.util: Miscellaneous utility classes, including generic data structures, bit sets, time, date, the string manipulation, random number generation, system properties, notification and enumeration of data structures. Java.net: Classes for network support. Java.awt: Classes that manage user interface components such as windows, dialog boxes, buttons, checkboxes, lists, menus, scrollbars, and text fields, the AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit. Java.awt.image: Classes for managing image data, including color models, dropping color flittering, setting pixel values, and grabbing snapshots. Java.applet: The Applet class, which provides the ability to write applets, this package also includes several interfaces that connect an applet to its documents and to its document. Java.sql: The JDBC API, classes and interfaces that access databases and send SQL Statements. The first three packages listed, java.lang, java.io and java.util form the basis, they are basic classes and interfaces for general-purpose programming. Java development kit version1.1 added some new packages, with JDBC being one of them. Other new packages include such thing as Remote Method Invocation, Security and Java Beans, the new API for creating reusable components. In Java, packages serve as the foundation for building other packages, as discussed in the following section. JAVA IS EXTENSIBLE:A big plus for Java is the fact it can be extended. It was purposely written to be lean with the emphasis on doing what it does very well, instead of trying to do everything from the beginning, it was return so that extending it is very simple. The JDBC API, the java.sql package, is one example upon which extensions are being built. In addition to extensions there are also main tools being developed to make existing capabilities easier to use. For example, there is already a tool that greatly Simplifies creating and laying out Graphical User Interfaces such as menus, Dialog boxes and buttons. SECURITY:It is important that a programmer not be able to write subversive code for Applications or applets. This is especially true with the Internet being used more and more extensively for services such as electronic commerce and electronic delivery of software and multimedia content. The Java platform builds in security in four ways. The way memory is Allocated and laid out: In Java an objects location in memory is not determined until The runtime, as opposed to C and C++, where the compiler makes memory layout Decisions. As the result, a programmer cannot look at a class definition and figure out how it might be laid out in memory. Also since, Java has no pointers, a programmer cannot forge pointers to memory. .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .postImageUrl , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:hover , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:visited , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:active { border:0!important; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:active , .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e6b2cc66d5b36cf4682f299591ad01f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Short Note On Transmissible Infectious Disease And Infectious DiseasesThe way incoming code is checked: The Java virtual machine doesnt trust any incoming code and subjects it to what is called throughte code verification. The throughte code Verifier, part of the virtual machine, checks that the format of incoming code is correctincoming code doesnt forge pointers, it doesnt violate access restrictions, it accesses objects what they are. The way classes are loaded: The Java throughte code loader, another part of the virtual machine, whether classes loaded during program execution are local or from across a network. Imported classes cannot be substituted for built in classes, and built in classes cannot accidentally reference classes brought in over a network. The way access is restricted for untested code: The Java security manager allows user to restrict untested Java applets so that they cannot access the local network, files and other resources. JAVA PERFORMS WELL:Java performance is better than one might expect. Java has many advantages, such as having built in security and being interpreted as well as compiled, do have a cost attached to them. As a result, Java has done quite respectably in performance tests. Its performance numbers for interpreting throughte codes are usually more than adequate to run interactive graphical end user applications. For situations that require unusually high performance, throughte codes can be translated on the fly, generating the final machine code for the particular CPU on which the application is running at run time. High level interpreted scripting language generally offer great portability and fast prototyping but poor performance. Low level compiled language like C and C++ offer great performance but require large amounts of time for writing and debugging code because of problems with areas such as memory management, pointers and multiple inheritance. Java offers good performance with the advantages of high level languages but without the disadvantages of C and C++. JAVA IS ROBUST:The multi platformed environment of the WEB places extraordinary demands on a program, because it must execute reliably in a variety of systems. Thus the ability to create robust programs was given a high priority in the design of Java. To gain reliability, Java restricts you in a few key areas to force you to find your mistakes early in program developments. At the same time, Java frees you from having to worry about many of the most common cause of programming errors. Because Java is strictly typed language, it checks your code at compile time. However, it also checks your code at run time. In fact, many hard to track down bugs that often turn up in hard to reproduce runtime situations are simply impossible to create in Java. Knowing that what you have written will behave in a predictable way under diverse conditions is a key feature of Java to understand how Java robust. For example in C/C++ the programmer must manually allocate and free all dynamic memory. This sometimes leads to problems. For example some programmers some times forget the free memory that has been previously allocated. JAVA SCALES WELL:Java platform is designed to scale well, from portable consumer electronic devices to powerful desktop and server machines. As a result, Java accommodates the need for low storage and for low bandwidth transmission over the Internet. In addition the Java operating system offers a standalone Java platform that eliminates host operating system overhead while still supporting the full Java platform. API makes Java ideal for low cost network computers whose sole purpose is to access the Internet. JAVA IS MULTITHREADED:Multithreading is simply the ability of a program to do more than one thing at a time. For example an application could be faxing a document at the same time it is printing another document. Or a program could process new inventory figures while it sustains a feed for current prices. .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .postImageUrl , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:hover , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:visited , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:active { border:0!important; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:active , .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua859021d2f688f647c9b3ee4adcceddf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Lesson Before Dying EssayJAVA IS IMPORTANT TO THE INTERNET:The Internet helped catapult Java to the forefront of programming and Java in turn has a profound effect on the Internet. The reason is simple. Java expands the universe of objects that can move about freely in cyberspace. In a network, there are two broad categories of objects transmitted between the server, your personal computer, passive info and dynamic, active programs. For example, when you read your e-mail, you are viewing passive data. Even when you download a program, the programs code is still only passive data until you execute it. However, there is a second type of object that can be transmitted to yo ur computer, a dynamic, self executing program. Such a program would be an active agent on the client computer, yet it would be initiated through the server. As desirable as dynamic, networked programs are, they also current serious problems in the areas of security and portability. Prior to Java cyberspace was effectively closed to half the entities that now live there. Java addresses these concerns and doing so, has opened the door to an exiting a new form of program.